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Home > Timelines > The Late Republic > Mid-1st Century
49 Caesar crosses the Rubicon from Gaul into Italy; outbreak of civil war
48 Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalus; death of Pompey in Egypt
46 Caesar appointed dictator for ten years; celebrates quadruple triumph at Rome
44 Caesar becomes dictator for life; assassinated on 15th March
43 Octavian occupies Rome and assumes the consulship; formation of the Second Triumvirate
42 Antony defeats the liberators at Philippi; Julius Caesar deified
37 Antony abandons Octavia and renews his affair with Cleopatra
36 Agrippa defeats Sextus Pompeius and the pirates
32 Octavian reads out Antony’s will to the Senate; declares war on Cleopatra
31 Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at the battle of Actium
30 Suicides of Antony and Cleopatra